| # | Model | One-Line |
|---|---|---|
| MM1 | Transformation | Computation is input → function → output |
| MM2 | Search | Finding the best state in a large space |
| MM3 | Optimisation | Best solution under constraints |
| MM4 | Flow | Systems defined by how data moves |
| MM5 | State | Systems remember things |
| MM6 | Networks | Relationships are first-class |
| MM7 | Feedback | Systems react to their own output |
| MM8 | Concurrency | Multiple actors + shared state |
| MM9 | Redundancy | Copies protect against loss |
| MM10 | Layered Abstraction | Reason at any level without knowing layers beneath |
| MM11 | Indirection | Any problem solved by adding a level of indirection |
| MM12 | Tradeoffs | Every decision is optimisation under constraints |
Use: Apply all 12 to any unfamiliar system. The model you were not using is usually where the problem hides.